A Botswana safari is more than just a trip; it's a journey into the heart of Africa's wild beauty, where landscapes range from the expansive salt pans of Makgadikgadi to the lush waterways of the Okavango Delta. Whether you're an experienced traveler or a first-time safari seeker, careful planning is key to unlocking the full magic of this extraordinary destination. The right timing, the perfect itinerary, and a handful of insider tips will ensure your safari experience is seamless, enjoyable, and unforgettable.
Imagine waking up to the distant roar of a lion in the Moremi Game Reserve or watching a herd of elephants cross the Chobe River at sunset. These moments make Botswana a bucket-list destination for nature lovers. However, without proper planning, these dreams could remain just that.
This guide will walk you through the essential steps to plan your ideal Botswana safari. From selecting the best time to visit and crafting an itinerary that balances adventure with relaxation to expert advice on navigating local logistics, we've got you covered. Your African adventure starts here.
Why a Well-Planned Botswana Safari Itinerary is Essential
A well-structured itinerary is not just about checking off destinations; it's about enhancing your safari experience while reducing stress. Botswana's allure lies in its diverse landscapes, ranging from the expansive Kalahari Desert to the serene waters of the Okavango Delta.
Without a clear plan, you risk missing key wildlife sightings or spending more time on the road than in the heart of nature. A well-crafted itinerary ensures you're in the right place at the right time, fully immersed in the magic of Botswana.
The Distinct Difference in Planning a Safari vs. a Luxury Trip
Planning a safari holiday into Africa is different from organizing a trip to a first-world destination. A typical trip to a luxury resort or five-star location often involves booking hotel stays, choosing meals from a menu, and enjoying ocean views from a plush suite. The structure is relatively straightforward; everything is taken care of for you, and the experience is designed for maximum comfort with minimal effort.
In contrast, a safari in Africa requires significantly more involvement and attention to detail. This isn't a vacation where you can just book a room and enjoy pre-arranged activities
Instead, it requires individual interactions with safari tour operators to ensure your trip perfectly suits your interests and needs. The safari operator will assist in planning the timing, locations, and activities that align with your goals, whether tracking the Big Five, experiencing off-the-beaten-path adventures, or capturing that perfect sunset photo.
Example 1: Luxury Resort in the Maldives
Imagine reserving a week at a luxury resort in the Maldives. You book your preferred room, confirm your all-inclusive meal package, and possibly schedule a spa treatment.
Once you arrive, you relax on the beach with minimal fuss and choose activities from a pre-set list. The process is streamlined and straightforward, offering comfort and predictability. There's little need for detailed personal interaction; everything is provided for you. The exercise is simple. At most, you don't need to speak to a tour operator. Everything is taken care of online.
Example 2: Safari in Botswana
Now, let's compare this to planning an African safari. Imagine you've booked a 5-day safari in Chobe National Park, Botswana. Instead of just selecting a hotel and arriving, you'll need to work with a safari operator before your trip, who will assist you in customizing your itinerary based on what you want to see, where to stay, and what to do.
You will discuss the best time to visit, whether you prefer focusing on wildlife photography or seeking a deeper cultural experience, and which parks or reserves align with your interests.
It's also essential to consider travel logistics, including how and when you'll move from one park to another, the type of accommodations (luxury tented camps vs. lodges), the mode of transport (whether you'll travel by land or take a private flight between locations), and the associated costs.
This level of attention demands direct communication with the safari tour operator to ensure that your trip is tailored to your individual safari goals and budget. This also removes uncertainties, offering a truly immersive and unforgettable experience.
Benefits of Planning Your Safari
Stress-Free Travel:
With so much to see and do, planning ensures that everything from accommodations to park permits is handled properly. There will be no more last-minute scrambling, just a smooth, seamless journey from one awe-inspiring moment to the next.
Maximizing Wildlife Sightings:
Timing and location are crucial for observing wildlife, and this is where the expertise of the safari tour operator comes into play. They will offer you the best possible advice. Certain species are more active during specific seasons or times of the day. A well-planned itinerary ensures you're in the right areas at peak times for sightings, enhancing your chances of witnessing Botswana's most iconic animals.
Seamless Transitions Between Landscapes:
Botswana's ecosystems are incredibly diverse, ranging from the Kalahari's dry plains to the lush waterways of the Okavango Delta. A well-planned itinerary allows you to navigate these regions efficiently, ensuring that your journey flows naturally and maximizes your precious time in these wild areas.
Personal Insight:
I chose a flexible, last-minute approach during my first safari to Botswana. However, despite my experience, it quickly dawned on me that certain moments, like watching lions hunt in Savuti or spotting a leopard in Moremi Game Park, required more than just luck. I needed to be in the right place at the right time. That's when I learned firsthand that planning and organizing a safari trip through the experts wasn't just a luxury but a necessity.
Timing is Everything: When to Visit Botswana
Choosing the right time to visit is one of the most essential decisions when planning your Botswana safari. The ideal time for your safari depends on the weather and the type of wildlife experience you seek. Whether you're drawn to Botswana's iconic game drives, water-based safaris, or birdwatching, each season offers unique advantages. Understanding when to go will help you maximize your experience and ensure you see Botswana at its best.
The Dry Season: April to October
Botswana's dry season, from April to October, is the most popular time for classic safari-goers to visit. The landscape becomes arid during this period, and water sources grow scarce, forcing animals to congregate around the remaining waterholes and rivers. This leads to higher concentrations of wildlife, making it an ideal time for game viewing.
Why it's the best time for safaris:
Concentrated Wildlife: As water becomes scarcer, animals such as elephants, buffalo, and antelope gather at permanent water sources, making them easier to spot.
Perfect for Game Drives: The sparse vegetation and open terrain during the dry months provide clearer, uninterrupted views of wildlife, which is ideal for photography.
Best for Predators: This is also the prime time to spot predators. With fewer places to ambush prey, lions, leopards, and cheetahs are often seen hunting near water sources.
Popular Regions to Visit:
Chobe National Park: Renowned for its large herds of elephants, this park is one of the best places to observe wildlife during the dry season.
Savuti: Recognized for its high predator activity, which includes lions, cheetahs, and hyenas.
Okavango Delta: Although still spectacular, the Delta's water levels are lower in the dry season, affecting land game viewing.
The Green Season: November to March
From November to March, the green season is characterized by lush landscapes and afternoon thunderstorms that transform Botswana into a vibrant paradise. Although this time of year doesn't offer the same consistent wildlife concentrations as the dry season, it's still an excellent period for those looking for a different experience.
Why it's the best time for specific experiences:
Birdwatching: The wet season brings many migratory birds, making Botswana a birdwatcher's dream. Species like the African fish eagle, saddle-billed stork, and bee-eaters arrive to breed and nest, making it an ideal time for keen birders.
Calving Season: Many herbivores, such as wildebeest and impalas, give birth. The sight of newborn animals is a magical part of the safari experience, and it attracts predators, leading to thrilling predator-prey interactions.
Lush Landscapes: The bush is thick with vegetation, and the landscape is lush and green. This time of year brings Botswana's natural beauty to life, making it perfect for photographers seeking vibrant, dynamic shots of the wilderness.
Popular Regions to Visit:
Makgadikgadi Pans: The wet season brings flocks of migratory birds, including flamingos, that fill the pans and create breathtaking landscapes.
Okavango Delta: The Delta floods during this time, creating a different safari experience. Mokoro rides (traditional dugout canoe rides) become an incredible way to explore, and you may also encounter large concentrations of hippos and crocodiles in the waterways.
When to Visit for Specific Experiences
For the Best Wildlife Sightings: Visit during the dry season (April to October) for classic game viewing, especially in places like Chobe and Savuti, where animals congregate around waterholes.
For Birdwatching Enthusiasts: The green season (November to March) is the best time to spot migratory birds, particularly in the Okavango Delta and Makgadikgadi Pans.
For Calving Season and Predator Action: The green season is your window to see newborn animals and witness dramatic predator-prey action, particularly in Moremi Game Reserve and Kalahari Desert.
For a Peaceful, Solitary Safari Experience: The green season is quieter if you want to experience Botswana without the crowds. Though wildlife may be harder to spot in the dense bush, you'll have the parks largely to yourself.
How to Choose the Best Time for You
Choosing when to visit Botswana ultimately depends on your personal safari goals. The dry season is undoubtedly your best bet if you want to see specific animal sightings and predator activity.
On the other hand, if you're passionate about birdwatching, enjoying the lush beauty of the Delta, or witnessing the raw moments of nature during calving season, the green season offers unique rewards. Ultimately, Botswana's wild beauty can be enjoyed year-round; it's all about the kind of experience you want.
Duration: How Many Days Do You Need?
One of the most common questions when planning a Botswana safari is: How long should I stay? The answer depends on your budget, travel preferences, and what you want to experience. While there's no one-size-fits-all answer, understanding the time needed for each major destination and activity can help you create a well-paced itinerary.
Ideal Duration for a Botswana Safari
The ideal length of your Botswana safari ultimately depends on how deep you want to go. If you're a first-time visitor, a 5 to 7-day safari is typically the sweet spot, allowing you enough time to explore key destinations without feeling rushed. However, more experienced travelers or those seeking a comprehensive safari experience may wish to spend 10 days or more fully immersing themselves in Botswana's diverse landscapes.
Short Itinerary: 3-5 Days
If you're short on time but still want to capture the essence of Botswana, a 3-5 day safari is feasible, especially if you focus on one or two regions. A condensed itinerary can still provide incredible wildlife experiences, but may require more internal flights or quicker transitions between destinations.
Sample 5-Day Itinerary
Day 1-2: Arrive in Chobe National Park. Spend two days here, focusing on the riverfront for elephants and buffalo herds. A boat cruise along the Chobe River offers a unique wildlife perspective and highlights this region.
Day 3-4: Fly to Moremi Game Reserve for predator sightings, such as lions and leopards, and an immersive game drive experience. Stay in a luxurious lodge or a tented camp for the ultimate wilderness experience.
Day 5: Depart or extend your trip with an optional short visit to the Okavango Delta for a mokoro ride and birdwatching.
This short Itinerary will give you a taste of Botswana's diverse environments, focusing on the big game and iconic wildlife experiences.
Mid-Range Itinerary: 7-10 Days
A 7- to 10-day safari allows you to explore multiple regions beyond the typical highlights. This offers the best balance between game drives and more unique experiences, like mokoro rides, cultural visits, or simply enjoying the country's quieter, more remote areas.
Sample 10-Day Itinerary
Day 1-3: Arrive in Chobe National Park. Enjoy two days of game drives and a boat cruise along the Chobe River.
Days 4-6: Head to Moremi Game Reserve to dive deeper into Botswana's predator-filled landscapes. Here, you'll witness exciting action between the Big Five and explore the diverse ecosystems.
Day 7-8: Stay at a luxury tented camp in the Okavango Delta. Explore by mokoro, enjoy birdwatching, and take guided walking safaris to learn about the ecosystem's smaller aspects.
Day 9-10: For a completely different experience, visit Makgadikgadi Pans or Nxai Pan. The landscape is flat and expansive, with zebra migrations, flamingos, and stunning salt pans.
7-14 day safari ensures you'll experience multiple facets of Botswana, from the rich wildlife of the Delta to the stark beauty of the Makgadikgadi.
Extended Itinerary: 14+ Days
For the true safari enthusiast, a 14-day (or longer) itinerary truly allows you to savor the wonders of Botswana and includes everything the country has to offer. This type of safari is perfect for travelers who want to dive deep into the bush, visit several national parks, and even take time for relaxation.
Sample 14-Day Itinerary
Days 1-4: Spend four days in Chobe National Park for game drives, boat trips, and sundowner experiences.
Days 5-8: Spend four days at Moremi Game Reserve, exploring different park areas, tracking predators, and experiencing the region's diversity.
Days 9-12: Explore the Okavango Delta in-depth with mokoro rides, walking safaris, and relaxation at eco-lodges.
Days 13-14: Finish in Makgadikgadi Pans, enjoying the unique landscapes, seeing wildlife migration, and taking time for cultural excursions.
Within 14 days, you can genuinely explore Botswana's wildlife in a way tailored to your interests. From tracking predators to lounging in luxurious camps under the stars, a long safari is a dream for those wanting to embrace Africa's wild side fully.
Budget and Time Considerations
Shorter Safaris: A 3-5 day safari will likely be more affordable due to fewer accommodations, activities, and internal flights. It's a good option if you're on a tighter budget or have limited vacation time.
Longer Safaris: Longer trips, such as 10+ days, allow for more exploration but tend to come with higher costs due to added internal flights, premium lodgings, and more extensive activities. However, many safari packages offer discounts for more extended stays or include value-added perks.
When Less is More: Quality Over Quantity
It's important to remember that a shorter safari doesn't mean a less enriching experience. Spending longer in a single location, rather than rushing between several, often allows for deeper connections with wildlife. You may see more of a single region and experience it more intimately and in detail.
Key Destinations & Itinerary Building Blocks
I have previously indicated that Botswana is home to some of Africa's most iconic safari destinations, each offering unique wildlife experiences, stunning landscapes, and distinct ecosystems. The beauty of planning a safari here is that you have the opportunity to explore various regions, each with its own charm and personality. Knowing which destinations to prioritize based on your interests will help you build a well-rounded, unforgettable journey itinerary.
1. Chobe National Park: The Elephant Capital
If there's one park that defines the Botswana safari experience, it's Chobe National Park. Famous for its abundant wildlife, Chobe is home to one of the world's largest concentrations of over 120,000 elephants, making it one of the best places to see these majestic creatures up close.
What to Expect:
Elephants: The park's riverfront is perfect for viewing massive herds of elephants drinking and bathing. You'll never forget seeing them crossing the Chobe River at sunset.
Other Wildlife: In addition to elephants, you can spot lions, buffalo, hippos, crocodiles, and an array of antelope species.
The Best Activities are game drives, boat cruises on the Chobe River, and photography safaris. A boat cruise allows you to experience wildlife from a unique perspective on the water, especially at dawn or dusk.
Best Time to Visit:
Dry Season (April to October) is ideal for wildlife viewing as animals congregate around the river.
The Green Season (November to March) is quieter and has fewer tourists, but it still offers exceptional birding and sightings of young animals.
2. Moremi Game Reserve: Predator Paradise
Moremi Game Reserve, located in the heart of the Okavango Delta, is one of Botswana's most diverse and dynamic safari destinations. This reserve is renowned for its predator activity, offering excellent opportunities to witness lions, leopards, wild dogs, and cheetahs in action. Moremi is perfect for those seeking an authentic wilderness experience.
What to Expect:
Predators: The reserve is known for its rich predator-prey interactions, especially lions, leopards, and the endangered African wild dogs.
Diverse Habitats: Moremi is a mix of wooded areas, floodplains, and savannah, which attracts a variety of wildlife, including elephants, buffalo, and kudu.
Best Activities: Game drives, walking safaris, and boat trips along the delta. Exploring Moremi on foot with a guide offers an intimate way to experience the land and learn about the ecosystem's minor details
Best Time to Visit:
The Dry Season is ideal for optimal predator sightings, as animals are easier to track with the thinner vegetation and concentrated water sources.
Green Season for vibrant landscapes, birdwatching, and newborn animals
3. Okavango Delta: The Waterway Wonderland
The Okavango Delta is one of the world's most unique and pristine ecosystems, and it offers a genuinely magical safari experience. Unlike many other safari destinations in Africa, the Okavango is a water-based safari destination, where mokoro rides (traditional dugout canoes) offer an intimate way to explore the Delta's winding channels and lush floodplains.
What to Expect:
Mokoro Rides: The Delta's waterways are best explored by mokoro, allowing you to glide silently past herds of elephants, hippos, and buffalo as they drink and bathe in the water.
Birdlife: The Okavango is a haven for birdwatchers, with species such as the African fish eagle, saddle-billed stork, and malachite kingfisher often seen along the waterways.
Wildlife: Besides the large mammals, expect sightings of reedbuck, lechwe, and crocodiles. The delta also boasts a healthy population of predators like lions and leopards, though sightings can be less frequent due to the dense vegetation.
Best Activities:
Mokoro Safaris: Perfect for birdwatching and close-up wildlife experiences.
Walking Safaris: Explore the delta's smaller creatures and plant life, guided by experienced trackers.
Game Drives: Discover the Delta's mainland for more significant wildlife sightings and a contrast to the water-based adventures.
Best Time to Visit:
Green Season (November to March) is the best time for mokoro safaris as the water levels rise, creating a breathtaking landscape. It is also a prime birdwatching season.
The Dry Season is ideal for game drives on the mainland when animals congregate around permanent waterholes.
4. Makgadikgadi Pans: The Vast Salt Flats
Botswana's Makgadikgadi Pans dramatically change from the lush delta and dense savannahs of other parks. These vast, dry salt flats stretch as far as the eye can see and are home to unique wildlife and awe-inspiring landscapes. The pans are a true testament to Botswana's wild diversity.
What to Expect:
Zebra Migration: Makgadikgadi is famous for the zebra migration (typically between December and March), where thousands of zebras move across the salt pans in search of fresh grazing grounds.
Flamingos: The pans are a key stop for flamingos migrating through Botswana, and the sight of them feeding in the shallow waters is striking.
Unique Wildlife: In addition to the migrating zebras and flamingos, you may encounter meerkats, wild dogs, and brown hyenas, all of which adapt to the harsh environment.
Unique Wildlife: In addition to the migrating zebras and flamingos, you may encounter meerkats, wild dogs, and brown hyenas, all of which adapt to the harsh environment.
Best Activities:
Game Drives: Explore the salt pans and surrounding areas, where you can find migrating wildlife and observe how animals survive in the harsh, dry conditions.
Cultural Excursions: Visit the local communities around Makgadikgadi and learn about their way of life in this unique landscape.
Best Time to Visit:
The Green Season (November to March) is best for seeing the migration, and the salt pans come alive with life.
The Dry Season is ideal for exploring the vast expanses and enjoying the peaceful solitude of the pans.
5. Khama Rhino Sanctuary: A Conservation Success Story
For travelers passionate about conservation, the Khama Rhino Sanctuary offers a fantastic opportunity to see white and black rhinos in a protected environment. Established as a haven for rhinos in the 1990s, this sanctuary provides a safe refuge for these endangered creatures.
What to Expect:
Rhino Sightings: The sanctuary is one of the best places to see white and black rhinos in the wild, and it's a vital part of Botswana's conservation efforts.
Other Wildlife: The sanctuary is also home to various other animals, including giraffes, zebras, impalas, and wildebeests.
Cultural Immersion: The sanctuary works closely with the local community to promote conservation and sustainable tourism, making it a place to learn about local efforts to protect wildlife.
Best Activities:
Game Drives: Explore the sanctuary with a knowledgeable guide to increase your chances of seeing rhinos and other wildlife.
Walking Safaris: Learn about the delicate ecosystem and conservation efforts firsthand.
Best Time to Visit:
Year-Round: The sanctuary is open year-round and offers excellent opportunities for wildlife sightings at any time. However, visiting during the dry season increases your chances of spotting rhinos more easily as they gather around water sources.
Choosing the Right Destinations for Your Itinerary
Short Itinerary (3-5 days): For a compact yet rewarding safari experience, focus on one or two of the most accessible regions, such as Chobe and Moremi.
Mid-Range Itinerary (7-10 days): Combine two or three regions, such as Chobe, Moremi, and the Okavango Delta, for a more diverse and well-rounded experience.
Extended Itinerary (10+ days): If time allows, consider adding Makgadikgadi or Khama Rhino Sanctuary to your route for a comprehensive Botswana safari.
Insider Tips for a Smooth Journey
Planning a Botswana safari isn't just about choosing the best parks or timing. It's about navigating a unique adventure with confidence and clarity. The wilderness demands preparation, and here are some insider tips to help you travel like a pro:
Work Closely with Your Safari Operator:
Unlike booking a hotel room in a high-rise, a Botswana safari requires direct, one-on-one communication with a reputable safari tour operator. They'll tailor your itinerary to match your interests, whether you're chasing the Big Five, focusing on predators, or exploring hidden gems off the beaten path. Engage in detailed discussions about your travel preferences, so every aspect of your trip is personalized.Plan for the Unexpected:
Africa's wild landscapes are as unpredictable as they are magnificent. Build flexibility into your schedule. For instance, if your game drive gets extended due to an extraordinary wildlife encounter, having a loose itinerary allows you to savor the moment rather than rush to your next scheduled activity.Understand Local Logistics:
Travel between regions like Chobe, Moremi, and the Okavango Delta often involves internal flights or long overland journeys. Make sure your safari operator arranges reliable transport, and consider travel insurance that covers unexpected delays or route changes. This foresight can transform potential travel headaches into minor detours in an otherwise enriching experience.Embrace the Adventure of Rural Africa:
A safari isn't about five-star amenities, it's about immersing yourself in the raw, untamed beauty of the wilderness. Expect rustic accommodations that offer authentic, close-to-nature experiences. Over time, you may find that these moments, sharing stories with fellow travelers around a campfire or waking up under a starry sky, are the true highlights of a safari.Pack Thoughtfully:
When venturing into Botswana, your packing list is as crucial as your itinerary. Beyond the basics, consider items that enhance safety and comfort, such as neutral-colored clothing (to blend in with the environment), a good pair of binoculars for spotting far-off wildlife, sturdy shoes for uneven terrain, and a reliable insect repellent. Your safari operator can help you refine your packing list to ensure you're well-prepared for every situation.Respect the Local Environment and Culture:
Engaging with local communities and learning about their customs enriches your journey and supports sustainable tourism. Listen to your guides, ask questions, and enjoy the cultural insights that make Botswana's landscapes even more meaningful. Their local knowledge is an invaluable resource that can offer behind-the-scenes perspectives on the areas you visit.
By taking these insider tips to heart, you'll be better equipped to navigate a Botswana safari's logistical challenges and unexpected delights. Each piece of advice is designed to help you focus on what matters most: the awe-inspiring wildlife, the stunning landscapes, and the genuine human connections you'll forge along the way.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Q1: When is the best time to go on a Botswana safari?
A: The optimal time depends on what you want to experience. The dry season (April to October) is ideal for classic game viewing because animals concentrate around scarce water sources, making them easier to spot. If you're keen on bird watching and witnessing lush landscapes, the green season (November to March) offers a vibrant backdrop with abundant migratory birds.
Q2: How many days should I plan for a Botswana safari?
A: The duration of your safari can vary based on your interests, budget, and schedule. A short 3-5 day trip can give you a taste of Botswana's highlights, while a 7-14 day itinerary allows you to explore several key regions such as Chobe, Moremi, and the Okavango Delta. For the true enthusiast, an extended 14+ day safari promises a deep dive into Botswana's diverse wilderness.
Q3: Should I opt for a guided safari or a self-drive adventure?
A: Botswana's terrain and the intricacies of wildlife behavior make guided safaris popular. A seasoned safari operator offers local expertise, tailors your itinerary to maximize wildlife sightings, and ensures your safety throughout the trip. Self-driving safaris can be thrilling but require extensive planning and confidence navigating remote areas.
Q4: How does planning a Botswana safari differ from organizing a typical first-world vacation?
A: Planning a Botswana safari involves much more than booking a hotel room; it requires personalized, one-on-one interactions with your tour operator. Unlike a luxury resort vacation with predictable amenities like ocean views and five-star services, a safari demands meticulous logistics tailored to the wild. You must schedule game drives, arrange internal flights, and sync your itinerary with seasonal wildlife patterns, ensuring that every detail contributes to an authentic, awe-inspiring experience.
Q5: What should I pack for my Botswana safari?
A: When preparing for your safari, packing appropriately is key. Essentials include neutral-colored clothing to blend with the environment, a comfortable pair of walking shoes, good binoculars for spotting distant wildlife, sunblock, a hat, and insect repellent. Depending on the season, you might also need layers to accommodate cooler mornings and evenings. Your safari operator can provide a detailed packing checklist tailored to your trip.
Conclusion
A Botswana safari is more than an escape; it's a transformative experience where every sunrise, every wildlife encounter, and every moment under the vast African sky becomes part of your personal story. As we've explored, careful planning, from timing your visit to choosing your ideal itinerary and understanding the ins and outs of local logistics, is the key to unlocking the full magic of this wild destination.
Nothing beats speaking directly to an expert for a smooth safari holiday. Partnering with a reputable safari tour operator is essential. These professionals will guide you through all the nitty-gritty details of curating a bespoke itinerary that maximizes your wildlife sightings and handling all the logistical challenges unique to the bush. Their personalized attention ensures you'll experience a stress-free adventure and get the most out of every moment.
Ready to turn your Botswana safari dream into a reality? Click here to fill out a brief questionnaire about your ideal safari trip. Once we receive the form, one of the safari experts will reach out to you for a one-on-one, no-obligation consultation.
Your ultimate wildlife adventure is here. Step into the wild with confidence, knowing that every detail is handled by those who truly appreciate the magic.